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Historically, this has involved forcible removals for political expediency, simultaneously with the development of compatible legal pretexts to facilitate and justify transfer, notably including the wholesale denial of legal rights of seasonally transhumant populations to the lands they owned in common. See, for example, Nicholas P. Canny, "The ideology of English colonization: From Ireland to America", William and Mary Qtrly., 3d Ser., XXX (1973), 575-598; also Francis Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism and the Cant of Conquest (New York and London, W.W. Norton, 1976).
L'histoire nous a appris que cela impliquait le transfert forcé de populations pour des raisons de commodité politique; simultanément, on inventait des prétextes juridiques ad hoc pour faciliter et justifier ces transferts, notamment en déniant globalement les droits de populations nomades saisonnières sur des terres leur appartenant en commun Voir, par exemple, Nicholas P. Canny, "The ideology of English colonization: From Ireland to America" William and Mary Qtrly, 3ème série, XXX (1973), p. 575 à 598 et Francis Jennings, The invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism and the Cant of Conquest (New York et Londres, W.W. Norton, 1976).
48. In the area of social benefits and pensions, the Court of Justice of the European Communities (Van Cant judgment, 1 July 1993) ruled that the Act of 20 July 1990 establishing a flexible age of retirement for employees is discriminatory because it places men at a disadvantage.
48. En matière d'avantages sociaux et de pensions, la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes (arrêt Van Cant, 1er juillet 1993) a jugé que la loi du 20 juillet 1990 établissant un âge de retraite flexible pour les travailleurs est discriminatoire parce qu'elle désavantage les hommes.
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