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Übersetzungsbeispiele
For the case of rotations about the z-axis only, the spacelike part of the Lorentz matrix reduces to the rotation matrix about the z-axis: ( A ′ 0 A ′ 1 A ′ 2 A ′ 3 ) = ( 1 0 0 0 0 cos θ − sin θ 0 0 sin θ cos θ 0 0 0 0 1 ) ( A 0 A 1 A 2 A 3 ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}{A'}^{0}\\{A'}^{1}\\{A'}^{2}\\{A'}^{3}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&\cos \theta &-\sin \theta &0\\0&\sin \theta &\cos \theta &0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}A^{0}\\A^{1}\\A^{2}\\A^{3}\end{pmatrix}}\ .} For two frames moving at constant relative three-velocity v (not four-velocity, see below), it is convenient to denote and define the relative velocity in units of c by: β = ( β 1 , β 2 , β 3 ) = 1 c ( v 1 , v 2 , v 3 ) = 1 c v . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}=(\beta _{1},\,\beta _{2},\,\beta _{3})={\frac {1}{c}}(v_{1},\,v_{2},\,v_{3})={\frac {1}{c}}\mathbf {v} \,.} Then without rotations, the matrix Λ has components given by: Λ 00 = γ , Λ 0 i = Λ i 0 = − γ β i , Λ i j = Λ j i = ( γ − 1 ) β i β j β 2 + δ i j = ( γ − 1 ) v i v j v 2 + δ i j , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Lambda _{00}&=\gamma ,\\\Lambda _{0i}&=\Lambda _{i0}=-\gamma \beta _{i},\\\Lambda _{ij}&=\Lambda _{ji}=(\gamma -1){\dfrac {\beta _{i}\beta _{j}}{\beta ^{2}}}+\delta _{ij}=(\gamma -1){\dfrac {v_{i}v_{j}}{v^{2}}}+\delta _{ij},\\\end{aligned}}\,\!} where the Lorentz factor is defined by: γ = 1 1 − β ⋅ β , {\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-{\boldsymbol {\beta }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\beta }}}}}\,,} and δij is the Kronecker delta.
Jos rotaatio tapahtuu vain z-akselin ympäri, Lorentzin matriisin paikanluontoinen osa yksinkertaistuu rotaatiomatriisiksi z-akselin ympäri: ( A ′ 0 A ′ 1 A ′ 2 A ′ 3 ) = ( 1 0 0 0 0 cos θ − sin θ 0 0 sin θ cos θ 0 0 0 0 1 ) ( A 0 A 1 A 2 A 3 ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}{A'}^{0}\\{A'}^{1}\\{A'}^{2}\\{A'}^{3}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&\cos \theta &-\sin \theta &0\\0&\sin \theta &\cos \theta &0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}A^{0}\\A^{1}\\A^{2}\\A^{3}\end{pmatrix}}\ .} Kun kaksi vertailujärjestelmää liikkuu toistensa suhteen tasaisella nopeudella v (tässä tarkoitetaan tavanomaista nopeutta kolmiulotteisessa avaruudessa, ei jäljempänä määriteltävää nelinopeutta), on kätevää käyttää suhteellisen nopeuden yksikkönä valonnopeutta c seuraavasti: β = ( β 1 , β 2 , β 3 ) = 1 c ( v 1 , v 2 , v 3 ) = 1 c v . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}=(\beta _{1},\,\beta _{2},\,\beta _{3})={\frac {1}{c}}(v_{1},\,v_{2},\,v_{3})={\frac {1}{c}}\mathbf {v} \,.} Täten kun rotaatiota ei ole eli molempien vertailujärjestelmien koordinaattiakselit ovat samansuuntaiset, matriisin Λ komponentit ovat: Λ 00 = γ , Λ 0 i = Λ i 0 = − γ β i , Λ i j = Λ j i = ( γ − 1 ) β i β j β 2 + δ i j = ( γ − 1 ) v i v j v 2 + δ i j , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Lambda _{00}&=\gamma ,\\\Lambda _{0i}&=\Lambda _{i0}=-\gamma \beta _{i},\\\Lambda _{ij}&=\Lambda _{ji}=(\gamma -1){\dfrac {\beta _{i}\beta _{j}}{\beta ^{2}}}+\delta _{ij}=(\gamma -1){\dfrac {v_{i}v_{j}}{v^{2}}}+\delta _{ij},\\\end{aligned}}\,\!} missä γ {\displaystyle \gamma } on Lorentzin tekijä γ = 1 1 − β ⋅ β , {\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-{\boldsymbol {\beta }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\beta }}}}}\,,} ja δij on Kroneckerin delta.
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